This book examines qualitatively and quantitatively the exploitation of Africa through six centuries of colonialism and imperialism. The contributions build on previous qualitative analyses. The chapters introduce new ways to measure some of the coerced income and wealth transfers to Europe and North America through systematic underpayments and overcharges. This wealth was wrongfully accumulated using many forms of their abuse of dominance.  The book provides estimates that will be helpful to understanding the growing  debate on "reparations." This also contributes to rethinking international development assistance policy. It helps establish a basis for improved estimates of  the gains from past and current practices that worked against African economic, social, and political institutions and systems.    This edited volume showcases a variety of scholars with diverse perspectives and establishes, for the first time, the extent of wrongful benefits and damages from 600 years of international harm to the African continent.