This new multithematic book in the series Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery offers an update on several basic and clinical problems in neurosurgery. The main topics are cerebral tumors, epilepsy and vascular malformations. The first chapter will deal with the burden of childhood cancer across the globe, a particular relevant problem in times where economic restrictions and the increased difficulties to access cure are the direct impact of the Covid19 pandemic. A very detailed chapter will provide new guidelines for neuroimaging investigations for intracerebral pathological conditions of surgical interest in the pediatric population. The technical aspects and technological advances in the surgical management of cerebral midline tumors will be covered by several chapters focusing of the optic pathways' tumors, third ventricle tumors, mesencephalon and pineal body tumors. An  update on Chiari malformations and syringomyelia, on the surgical management of epilepsyand on cerebral aneurysms and pediatric spinal vascular malformations will be provided in the remaining contributions. All chapters contribute to an important advancement in the relevant fields, thus offering a valuable contribution to the management of difficult clinical conditions.