Ambedkar begins by examining Buddha’s teachings, particularly his focus on social equality, liberation from suffering, and the rejection of caste divisions. He emphasizes that Buddha’s teachings were rooted in compassion, equality, and the belief in individual emancipation through the Eightfold Path. According to Ambedkar, Buddha’s philosophy aimed at the spiritual and social liberation of all people, regardless of their caste, and fundamentally rejected the hierarchical structures of the Brahmanical social order.On the other hand, Ambedkar explores Karl Marx’s philosophy, which centers on class struggle, the abolition of private property, and the establishment of a classless society. While Ambedkar acknowledges the importance of Marxist critiques of capitalism and class-based exploitation, he critiques Marxism’s focus on economic factors while overlooking the caste system as a primary source of social injustice in India. Ambedkar argues that Marxist ideas, which focus on class struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie, may not be fully applicable in India, where caste-based exploitation transcends economic categories.