Historical medical and pharmacological manuscripts describe various pharmaceutical applications of medieval Persianmedicine. One of the known forms of application for therapeutic purposes via topical or systemic administration is medicinaloils prepared from numerous medicinal herbs. In Iran, conventional production methods of herbal oils are widely used bylocal practitioners. Administration of oils is rooted in traditional knowledge with a history of more than 3000 years. Scientificevaluation of these historical documents can be valuable for finding new potential use in current medicine.The current book(i) compiled an inventory of herbal oils used in ancient and medieval Persia and (ii) compared the preparation methods andtherapeutic applications of ancient times to current findings of medicinal properties in the plant species.