Any malignancy of the blood, bone marrow, lymph or lymphatic system is called a hematologic cancer. These elements are closely connected through the immune and circulatory system. Therefore, a disease that affects one element affects others as well. This makes lymphoproliferation and myeloproliferation related and overlapping problems. Some hematologic cancers are lymphomas, leukemias, myelomas, myelogenous leukemia, lymphoid neoplasms, myeloid neoplasms, etc. A common cause of hematologic cancer is chromosomal translocations. As malignant cells are detected in light microscopy, a suspected hematological malignancy is usually analyzed using a complete blood count and blood film. The treatment of B-cell-derived hematologic malignancies, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, are treated using rituximab. Treatment may also involve immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, blood transfusions or bone marrow transplant. This book traces the progress in the field of hematologic cancer research and highlights some of the latest developments. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.