This published version of my thesis includes neither the Gazetteer of stray finds in England and Wales nor the Corpus of Tilustrations, which formed volumes II and IV respectively of the original work. It has proved possible to undertake only limited revision of the text and Corpus of Associations for the present publication. The original version of my thesis may be consulted in the library of University College, Cardiff. This volume is part of a two volume set: ISBN 9781407389332 (Volume I); ISBN 9781407389349 (Volume II); ISBN 9780860540779 (Volume set).