Czesław Miłosz was a poet and public writer for almost eight decades, and still remains a tremendous figure in world literature four decades after he won the Nobel Prize and two decades after his death. Miłosz saw himself as an artist flying above the political fray, but he left the building blocks for an analysis of his political and social thought in plain sight. In this book, Sherman Garnett explores this crucial, neglected aspect of Miłosz’s thinking by closely studying a wide range of his Polish and English writings, arguing that he held a unique, nuanced political philosophy. Miłosz’s observations on totalitarianism and democracy, dissent, emigration, the United States and Soviet Union, and the “great crisis of civilization” fit coherently into his overall artistic project, and offer valuable insights for contemporary global social, humanitarian, and ecological challenges. This original book contributes to ongoing scholarly debates and offers the first full account of Miłosz as a political thinker.